4th Global Summit on Advances in Earth Science and Climate Change

Agriculture and Food Security

Research on agriculture and food Security aims to provide insight that can assist in developing more sustainable agriculture and food systems that can better solve local, regional, national, and/or global food and nutritional insecurity. Food security exists when all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to fulfill their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life at all times. Food security is determined by three factors: food availability, accessibility, and consumption. Household resources, discretionary income, and socioeconomic level all play a role in food security. It is also inextricably tied to other issues including food costs, global climate change, water, energy, and agricultural expansion. Physical (temperature, soil quality, and gradient) and human (technology) elements have historically influenced the amount and type of food produced in any given location.

Sub-tracks :

•     Food Safety and Health in Agriculture
•     Food Microbiology and Food Toxicology
•     Food Security and Environmental Impacts
•     Food Engineering and Technologies for Food Security
•     Food Waste and Recycling
•     Food Processing and packaging systems
•     Food Chemistry
•     Nutraceuticals
•     Dairy Technology & Safety
•     Pharmaceutical Food Technology
•     Food and Quality Control
•     COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Industry
•     Livestock Nutrition
•     Food and Agricultural Waste Management

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Atmospheric Chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry is a field of atmospheric science that studies the chemical reactions that take place within the Earth's atmosphere. It focuses on the composition of planetary atmospheres, as well as the reactions and interactions that power these complex and dynamic systems. Improved understanding of climatic forcing, air qualit, and reciprocal interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere necessitates more research in this field. Due to breakthroughs in fundamental understanding of atmospheric chemical processes, new innovations in both in situ and remote sensing measurement technology, and improved representations of important processes in numerical models, the subject is quickly evolving. Increasing energy demands, expanding industrial activity, and intensifying agricultural activities around the world have all resulted in changes in emissions, altering the composition of the atmosphere. These shifts have created significant issues for society, including negative effects on climate, human health, and ecological health. Understanding and responding to these concerns requires atmospheric chemistry research. Atmospheric chemists try to figure out what's causing these issues so that alternative solutions may be explored and the effects of changes in government policy can be assessed.

Sub-tracks :

•     Atmospheric Chemistry, Ecosystems and Agriculture 
•     Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change
•     Atmospheric Chemistry and Urbanization
•     Atmospheric Chemistry and Fundamental Studies
•     Air Quality and Carbon Cycle science 
•    Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP)
•     Emerging low-cost sensor and  satellites
•     Atmospheric Chemistry and Boundary Layer Dynamics
•     Stratosphere and its connection to weather and climate

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Bio-geochemistry

Biogeochemistry has evolved as a scientific study as we've realised that our current human effect on our world may disrupt the stable chemistry of our evolutionary environment, which is at least partially dictated by the diversity of organisms that share our planet with us. Biogeochemistry, in particular, is the study of biogeochemical cycles, which are the cycles of chemical elements like carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and integration into living things as they travel across earth scale biological systems in space and time. Chemical cycles that are either driven by or influence biological activity are the focus of this field. The study of the carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, iron, and phosphorus cycles is given special attention. Biogeochemistry is a branch of systems ecology that is closely related to biogeochemistry. Biogeochemistry is a means of looking at how the Earth's systems interact with one another (water, atmosphere, land, and living organisms).

Sub-tracks :

•     Deoxygenation
•     Elemental cycles mediated by keystone organisms and viruses 
•     Carbon pumps
•     Eco-toxicology 
•     Biogeochemistry of trace elements 
•     Phyto-management and climate change
•     Metal hyperaccumulators 
•     Micronutrient deficiencies and biofortification
•     Nanomaterials: Applications and impacts
•     Biogeochemistry of Marine Interfaces. 

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Climate Change

A long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns is referred to as climate change. Climate change now encompasses both human-caused global warming and its effects on Earth's weather patterns. Emissions of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, are the primary reason. The majority of these emissions are caused by the burning of fossil fuels for energy. Additional sources include agriculture, steelmaking, cement production, and forest loss. These factors, taken together, accelerate global warming. Weather patterns may become less predictable as a result of climate change. Because projected temperature and rainfall levels can no longer be relied upon, these unpredictable weather patterns might make it difficult to maintain and develop crops in farming-dependent regions. Natural factors like as volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, Earth's orbital fluctuations, solar variations, and internal variability all impact and change the planet's temperature. Things we rely on and cherish, such as water, electricity, transportation, wildlife, agriculture, ecosystems, and human health, are all being impacted by climate change.

Sub-tracks :

•     Climatology
•     Global Warming and Climate change
•     Fossil fuels and Renewable Energy
•     Deforestation
•     livestock farming and climate change
•     Causes of Climate Change
•     Climate Change & Biodiversity
•     Food security and climate change
•     Sustainable Development and climate change
•     Climate Change and Health
•     Green Economy

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Earth Science

The study of the Earth's structure, qualities, processes, and four and a half billion years of biotic development is known as Earth science. The terms "earth science" and "atmospheric science," "hydrology," and "oceanography" or "ocean sciences" are frequently used interchangeably. Understanding these occurrences is critical to the survival of life on Earth. The goal of this research domain is to improve our understanding of the Earth's changing environments and the natural distribution of mineral, water, biota, and energy resources, as well as to develop methods for predicting and mitigating the effects of geologic hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and landslides. Earth scientists' knowledge of the structure and chemical makeup of the earth's crust, as well as the services they provide, assist us in locating resources that sustain and improve quality of life. Understanding the pressures in the crust and natural processes on the surface allows us to predict natural disasters such as volcanoes and earthquakes, as well as geologic situations such as destructive mining practices or incorrect waste disposal. Finally, a broad understanding of planetary physics will enable humans to predict large changes in global environmental conditions and manage or adapt to them. 
Sub-tracks :

•     Geology
•     Soil science
•     Environmental Engineering
•     Geochemistry
•     Geophysics
•     Hydrology
•     Mining and Palaeontology
•     Meteorology and Climatology
•     Remote sensing and GIS
•     Stratigraphy
•     Pollution, Climate change & Sustainability
•     Waste management & Treatment
•     Plant Science 
•     Green Chemistry and  Rock mechanics
•     Biodiversity Conservation
•     Environmental Safety and Risk Assessment
•     Marine Biology and Biotechnology
   

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Ecology

Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms, such as humans, and their physical environment; it aims to comprehend the vital links that exist between plants and animals and the environment. Ecology also informs us about ecosystem advantages and how humans might use Earth's resources in ways that preserve the environment for future generations. Conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction are all examples of practical applications of ecology (human ecology). Ecosystems provide ecosystem services such as biomass production (food, fuel, fibre, and medicine), climate regulation, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection, and many other scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsically valuable natural features. Ecology can be studied in a variety of ways. Landscape ecology, population ecology, and behavioral ecology are some examples.

 Sub-tracks :

•     Community ecology
•     Macroecology
•     Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
•     Statistical ecology
•     Microbial ecology
•     Ecology and environment
•     Environmental chemistry
•     Environmental ethics, policy and law
•     Natural resource management
•     Wildlife management and conservation
•     Marine and coastal ecology
•     Pollution control and mitigation
•     Renewable resources and clean energy
•     Energy harvesting and energy efficiency
•     Advancing innovative technologies
•     Aquatic species/ecosystem and wetland interactions
   

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Environmental Science

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic area that studies the environment and solves environmental problems by combining physical, biological, and information sciences. Environmental science combines the subjects of ecology, biology, zoology, oceanography, atmospheric science, soil science, geology, chemistry, and others in an interdisciplinary study of how natural and human-made processes interact and affect Earth's diverse biomes. Environmental engineering is concerned with the use of design and technology to improve the condition of the environment in all aspects. Understanding earth processes, analysing alternative energy sources, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the consequences of global warming and climate change are among the topics studied by environmental scientists. Environmental scientists analyses environmental issues from a systems perspective. An environmental scientist, on the other hand, would aim to comprehend climate change by quantifying its consequences with models and analyzing mitigation options, and an environmental studies researcher would focus on the economic and political components of international climate-change protocols.

Sub-tracks :

•     Climate change and Global Warming
•     Environmental Engineering
•     Marine geosciences
•     Earth Pollution and pollution control
•     Deforestation
•     Sustainability
•     Energy and Biodiversity Conservation
•     Biofuels
•     Desalination
•     Environmental Risk Assessments
•     Environmental Sustainability and Development
•     Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming, and Climate Change
•     Infectious Diseases and the Environment
•     Oil Spills
•     Pollution and Health Issues
•     Renewable and Non-Renewable Energies
•     Soil Pollution and Treatment
•     Wastewater Management and Treatment
•     Hydrology and water resources
•     Environmental management and policies
•     Environmental pollution
•     Ecology and ecosystem management
•     Innovative environmental solutions
   

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Fossil Fuels and Energy

Plants and animals decompose to produce fossil fuels. These fuels, which can be found in the Earth's crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, can be burned to generate energy. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal is a substance found in sedimentary rock deposits, which are made up of layers of rock and dead plant and animal waste. Oil was discovered as a solid material between layers of sedimentary rock, such as shale, at first. Natural gas is typically discovered atop oil deposits in pockets. It can also be found in non-oil-bearing sedimentary rock layers. The anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms is the primary source of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels have been powering economies for nearly 150 years, and they now account for around 80% of global energy. When fossil fuels are burned, the carbon and other greenhouse gases that have been stored in the atmosphere are released into the atmosphere. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has resulted in significant changes in the Earth's climate.

Sub-tracks:

•     Fossil fuel technology
•     Fossil fuels: Natural gases, oil and coal
•     Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
•     Oil and gas transportation and pipelines
•     Oil reserves and production   
•     Solar Energy
•     Nuclear Energy
•     Wind Power & Energy
•     Thermal Energy & Management
•     Biofules, Bioenergy & Bio-gas
•     Biorefineries
•     Bio-alcohol, Bioethanol and Biodiesel
•     Fuel Chemistry, Technology & Processing
•     Energy Conversion & Storage
•     Nano Energy
•     Environmental & Pollution Issues
•     Energy Recycling
•     Energy Supply and Economics
•     Energy and environmental policy
•     Computing, data and energy system modeling
•     Clean energy technologies and management
   

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Geochemistry

The study of the processes that influence the amount, composition, and distribution of chemical compounds and isotopes in geologic environments is known as geochemistry. This field of Earth Science uses chemical concepts to gain a better knowledge of the Earth's and other planets' systems. Geochemists believe that the Earth is made up of separate spheres – rocks, fluids, gases, and biological — that exchange mass and energy over time. The basis for studying the co-evolution of the solid Earth, its oceans, atmosphere, biosphere, and climate is an understanding of reaction rates and the spectrum of physical variables responsible for chemical expressions of each sphere. The study of chemical transformations of biological components in rocks, as well as the cyclic flow of individual elements (and their compounds) between living and nonliving systems are all part of modern geochemical research. Certain areas of geochemical research, such as the origin and relative abundance of elements in the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy, and the universe as a whole; the chemical composition of meteorites; and the ages of terrestrial and lunar rocks, have become intertwined with cosmology since the 1960s.

Sub-tracks:

•     Organic geochemistry
•     Radioactive geochemistry
•     Surface geochemistry
•     Biogeochemistry and Biogeochemical cycles
•     Cosmochemistry
•     Environmental and Experimental geochemistry
•     Geochemical processes and analytical techniques
•     Geochemistry in soils research
•     Geosciences and Geostatistics
•     Hydrogeochemistry and Hydrogeochemical processes
•     Inorganic geochemistry
•     Nanogeosciences
•     Noble gases geochemistry
•     Magmatism, Recycling, and Metamorphism
•     Novel Methods: Nanoscale Techniques to Big Data
•     Mineral and Fluid Chemistry
   

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Geology

Geology is the study of the Earth, its materials, the structure of those materials, and the processes that affect them. It encompasses the study of species that have lived on our planet in the past. The study of how Earth's materials, structures, processes, and species have changed over time is an essential element of geology. We can learn about how the Earth has evolved over time by examining rocks, geochemistry, and geobiology. We can also predict how the planet will alter in the future. Modern geology is considered a major component of Earth system science and planetary science as a whole. People are at risk from a variety of processes, including landslides, earthquakes, floods, and volcanic eruptions. Geologists strive to have a thorough understanding of these processes so that major structures are not built in potentially hazardous areas. Geologists perform research to find important metal-bearing rocks, plan mines to generate them, and devise means to extract the metals from the rocks. They find and produce oil, natural gas, and groundwater in a similar way. Climate change is a major concern nowadays. Many geologists are trying to figure out what Earth's historical climates were like and how they changed over time. This historical geology news is useful in determining how our current climate is evolving and what the consequences may be.

Sub-tracks:

•     Environmental Geology
•     Geo-technical Engineering
•     Geophysics & Geochemistry
•     Remote sensing and GIS
•     Oceanography & Marine geology
•     Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology
•     Environmental Sustainability
•     Structural Geology & Rock Mechanics
•     Anthropocene
•     Geological Hazards & Geological Risk Assessment
•     Palaeontology & Biostratigraphy
•     Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
•     Geoarchaeology & Forensic Geology
•     Ore & Mineral Geology
•     Geological Data Collection & Analysis
•     Water: sea, surface and subsurface
•     Volcanology and Geothermal Research
•     New Technologies and Applications of Earth Science
•     Seismology
•     Petroleum Geology
•     Nanogeology and Geobiology
   

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Green Energy

Green energy refers to any form of energy that is produced from natural resources such as sunshine, wind, or water. Green energy is often derived from renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydroelectric power as a source of energy. Each of these technologies generates energy in a different way, whether it's through harnessing the sun's energy using solar panels, wind turbines, or the flow of water. Green energy is beneficial to the environment because it substitutes more ecologically friendly options for the negative consequences of fossil fuels. Natural sources of green energy include sun, wind, rain, tides, plants, algae, and geothermal heat. These energy resources are renewable, meaning they can be regenerated in the nature. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are a limited resource that takes millions of years to produce and will diminish as they are consumed. Renewable energy sources are also less harmful to the environment than fossil fuels, which produce greenhouse gases as a byproduct and contribute to climate change. To get fossil fuels, one must frequently mine or drill deep into the ground, often in ecologically sensitive locations. Green energy, on the other hand, uses readily available energy sources all over the world, especially in rural and remote areas where electricity is scarce. Green energy may be utilized to replace fossil fuels in a variety of applications, including power generation, water heating, home appliances, and automotive fuel.

Sub-tracks:

•     Solar Power
•     Wind Power
•     Hydropower
•     Geothermal Energy
•     Nuclear Energy
•     Renewable Energy
•     Green Nanotechnology
•     Waste to Energy
•     Environmental Microbiology & Bioremediation
•     Renewable And Non-Renewable Energy
•     Small and Micro Scale hydropower
•     Green Energy and Sustainable energy
•     Biomass and Bio energy
•     Power And Energy Engineering
•     Energy Recycling & Conservation
•     Green Chemistry
•     Energy, Environment & Sustainability
•     Green Technology & Architecture
   

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Petrology

Petrology is the science of rocks, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, as well as the processes that shape and modify them. It's a branch of geology that focuses on chemical analysis in areas like petrography and mineralogy. Modern petrologists can determine the origins of rocks and their chemical features by combining numerous geophysical and geochemical approaches. Petrology is divided into three sections based on the primary rock types: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Petrology is crucial for determining the physical and chemical composition of rocks, as well as the various factors that impact their creation. Modern petrologists use mineralogy knowledge to aid in the mapping and sampling of rocks. Because most rocks are made up of minerals and developed under similar conditions, petrology significantly relies on mineralogy ideas and procedures. Understanding the nature of the earth's crust and mantle requires a lot of petrological research. These geological processes are crucial in evaluating whether a given location is suitable for agriculture, industry, or commerce. Petrology applies in many fields that directly affect our life, in addition to helping us comprehend the history of our planet's development. Petrology is a branch of science that assists us in determining the best raw materials to employ in industries for the production of goods. Petrology also advocates optimal practises that enhance sustainability and technological growth.

Sub-tracks:

•     Organic Petrology
•     Igneous Petrology
•     Sedimentary Petrology
•     Metamorphic Petrology
•     Experimental Petrology
•     Petrography
•     Soil chemistry
•     Environmental geology
•     Volcanology
•     Applied Mineralogy and Theoretical Mineralogy
•     Economic geology
•     The Practical Application Of Petrology
•     Mineral physics
•     Methodological developments
   

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Plant Science and Biotechnology

Plant science refers to a wide spectrum of study and scientific studies that look at the estimated 410,000 land plant species on the planet. Plant science is the study of how plants are utilised to provide food, change the environment, restore damaged landscapes, promote human health and well-being, improve communal surroundings, and provide recreational and practical benefits to the general public. Plant science and biotechnology offers opportunities in a wide range of disciplines that are essential to understanding plants and their interactions with other species, as well as opportunities to specialize in plant biotechnology. Forests and allied plant systems are the focus. Plant community dynamics as influenced by humans and the environment; mechanisms of plant succession; epidemiology of forest and urban tree diseases; taxonomy, physiology, growth, photosynthesis, plant reproductive biology, genetic engineering, plant-pathogen interactions, tissue culture, and ancient DNA research are all current research interests.

Sub-tracks:
    Plant Biotechnology
    Agronomy and Agricultural Research
    Plant Ecology and Plant Taxonomy
    Horticulture& Landscaping
    Plant tissue culture
    Agricultural Microbiology
    Phytochemical Analysis
    Plant breeding and Genetics
    Organic Farming
    GMO and GM Crop
    Plant Biotechnology and Applications
    Plant Molecular Biology
    Plant Nutrition
    Soil and Crop Sciences
    Plant Physiology and Eco Physiology
    Plant - Biotic Interactions
    Seed Science and Technology
    Biodiversity and Plant Ecology
    Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciences
    Forest Science And Technology
 

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Renewable Energy

The term "renewable energy source" refers to energy that is both sustainable and infinite, such as the sun. When the word "alternative energy" is used, it usually refers to renewable energy sources as well. It refers to energy sources that are not as non-sustainable as the most regularly utilized non-sustainable sources, such as coal. Renewable energy comes from naturally renewing but flow-limited sources; renewable resources are nearly limitless in terms of length but have a finite amount of energy per unit of time. Renewable energy, often known as clean energy, is derived from natural sources or processes that are renewed on a regular basis. Sunlight and wind, for example, continue to shine and blow despite the fact that their availability is dependent on time and weather. While harnessing nature's power is typically considered of as a novel technology, it has long been used for heating, transportation, lighting, and other purposes. Solar energy comes from the sun, geothermal energy comes from the earth's heat, wind energy comes from the wind, biomass comes from plants, and hydropower comes from flowing water.

Sub-tracks:

•     Solar energy
•     Wind energy
•     Hydro energy
•     Tidal energy
•     Geothermal energy
•     Biomass energy
•     Renewable Energy Technologies 
•     Environment Friendly Energy Systems
•     Sustainable Electrical Energy Systems
•     Smart Grid
•     Environmental Engineering 
•     Active Filters
•     Biofuel 
•     Bioenergy
•     Insulation Technology
•     Electric Vehicles
•     Green Technology
•     Industrial Power Systems
•     Photovoltaic Technology
•     Geothermal Heating and Heat Pumps
   

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Waste Management

It can be defined as the collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products in its most basic form. Waste management entails the treatment of both solid and liquid waste. It also provides a variety of options for recycling goods that aren't classified as garbage during the process. The processes and actions necessary to manage trash from its inception to its final disposal are referred to as waste management or waste disposal. This comprises waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal, as well as waste management process monitoring and control, as well as waste-related laws, technologies, and economic systems. Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous, with various disposal and management strategies for each. Industrial, biological, residential, municipal, organic, biomedical, and radioactive wastes are all dealt with via waste management. Waste can, in some situations, be harmful to human health. Throughout the entire waste management process, there are health concerns. Health problems can occur in a variety of ways, both indirectly and directly. Directly, through solid waste management, and indirectly, through water, soil, and food use. Plastic, paper, glass, metal, and organic garbage are some of the different types of waste. Radioactive, flammable, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic wastes may be classified according to their hazard potential. In any civilization, solid waste management is a necessary service. Solid waste is generated in a specific region as a result of industrial, residential, and commercial activity, and it can be treated in a variety of ways. Solid waste, regardless of its source, substance, or hazard potential, must be managed in a methodical manner to ensure environmental best practices. Because solid waste management is such an important part of environmental hygiene, it must be included in environmental planning.

Sub-tracks:

•     Solid waste management
•     E- waste Management
•     Industrial waste management
•     Hazardous waste management
•     Plastic waste management
•     Industrial and hazardous waste management
•     Radioactive waste management
•     Agricultural waste
•     Food waste reduction and impact on the environment
•     Wastewater management
•     Waste to Energy
•     Various Methods of Waste Disposal
•     Landfills
•     Incineration/Combustion
•     Plasma gasification
•     Low Carbon Technology
•     Composting
•     Waste to Energy 
•     Special Waste Disposal
•     Natural resources management
•     Air, soil and water pollution
•     Reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery (4Rs)
•     Circular Economy
•     Advanced technologies in waste management
•     Sludge Management
•     Environmental Remediation
•     Clean management technology
   

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Greenhouse Gases effect on Climate Change

Since the mid-twentieth century, human-caused greenhouse gases have been the most dominant driver of observed climate change.  The greenhouse effect describes how "greenhouse gases" trap heat at the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gases come from both natural and man-made sources.  Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, and water vapour are examples of greenhouse gases. The greenhouse effect allows life to exist on Earth. Without it, the average temperature on Earth's surface would be roughly -19°C, rather than the current 14°C. However, increasing greenhouse gas levels, on the other hand, causes significant climate changes such as floods, droughts, and heat. As greenhouse gas emissions from human activities increase, they build up in the atmosphere and warm the climate, leading to many other changes around the world—in the atmosphere, on land, and in the oceans. As human-caused greenhouse gas emissions rise, they accumulate in the atmosphere and warm the climate, causing a slew of additional changes in the atmosphere, on land, and in the oceans. The majority of the focus has been on carbon dioxide emissions caused by fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation. Other greenhouse gases, such as methane from rice farming, cattle, landfills, and other sources, and chlorofluorocarbons from industrial sources, are also released as a result of human activity. Human cultures and communities have often been profoundly affected by climatic change. Abrupt climatic transitions are a major source of concern for society, as future adjustments may be so sudden and drastic that agricultural, ecological, industrial, and commercial systems will be unable to respond and adapt.
 

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Fossil Fuels effect on Climate Change

The decay of buried carbon-based organisms that died millions of years ago produces fossil fuels. They produce carbon-rich deposits, which are mined and burned for energy. They are non-renewable and currently provide roughly 80% of global energy. Coal, oil, and gas are the three forms of fossil fuels. For decades, fossil fuels have provided energy to a wide range of human activities. Electricity generation, home heating, transportation fuel, and polymers are all examples of uses for fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels is the principal driver of contemporary climate change, which is disrupting Earth's ecosystems and posing health risks to humans and the environment. When fossil fuels are burned, massive volumes of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, are released into the atmosphere. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat in our atmosphere. Coal is the single major contributor to global warming. Natural gas is frequently advertised as a more environmentally friendly energy source than coal and oil. It is, however, still a fossil fuel, accounting for a fifth of global carbon emissions. Fossil fuel emissions are the primary cause of global warming. About 65 percent of the extra mortality rate due to air pollution is linked to fossil-fuel-related emissions, and 70 percent of the climate cooling caused by anthropogenic aerosols is attributable to fossil-fuel-related emissions. To keep global warming from worsening, about 60% of oil and gas reserves and 90% of coal reserves must remain in the ground. According to scientists, about 60% of oil and gas reserves and 90% of coal reserves must remain in the ground to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius. While scientists say we need a mass switch to renewable energy and efficiency, fossil fuel businesses continue to be enormous polluters, producing and selling fossil fuel goods.
 

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Land Degradation effect on Climate Change

Land, like air and water, is a critical resource for humanity. Multiple factors contribute to land degradation, including harsh meteorological conditions, human activities that contaminate or damage the quality of soils and land utility. Most significant is climate change, it is a major contributor to land degradation. Climate change is expected to be a leading cause of biodiversity loss, accounting for around 10% of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The well-being of at least 3.2 billion people is being harmed by land degradation caused by human activities. Land degradation and climate change will cut crop yields by an average of 10% globally by 2050, and by up to 50% in some places. Land degradation, particularly in developing nations, increases the number of people exposed to dangerous air, water, and land pollutants. Desertification is a type of land degradation in which productive land is transformed into a desert. Deforestation, land abandonment, declining wild species populations, loss of soil health, reduction of fresh water are all examples of land degradation. The loss of biodiversity and ecosystem cost the equivalent of nearly 10% of the world's annual gross GDP in 2010. The expansion and unsustainable management of agriculture is the primary global driver of land degradation, t his results in severe biodiversity loss.  Scientists recently warned that unsustainable agriculture methods are causing the loss of 24 billion tonnes of valuable soil each year. By 2050, 95 percent of the Earth's land areas might be degraded if current trends continue.
 

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History of Pandemics effect on Climate Change

The greatest epidemics in history have wiped out practically whole civilizations, but the impact of an outbreak extends beyond death to include global economic collapse and climate disruption. Climate change is mostly the result of human activity on the planet. We can speculate that the global consequences of closing borders, bars, and schools, as well as travel restrictions and shelter in place orders, have benefited the earth. Mother Earth appears to be mending, at least for the time being, with the reduction of air pollutants and carbon emissions. Despite the positive decreases in carbon footprint, it is possible that the mitigation will only be temporary, medical and hazardous waste is currently being produced in large quantities by patients and healthcare personnel. COVID-19 added a new dimension to weather, climate, and water-related dangers, with far-reaching cumulative effects on human health and well-being. Extreme weather and climatic disasters amplified the consequences of mobility limitations, economic downturns, and agricultural sector disruptions across the entire food supply chain, increasing food insecurity and reducing humanitarian aid delivery. The epidemic also messed up weather forecasting and made catastrophe risk reduction more difficult. Scientists are also looking into the possibility of a link between disease transmission and climate change. So far, At this time, there is no conclusive evidence that weather (short-term fluctuations in meteorological conditions) or climate (long-term averages) have a significant impact on emergence or transmission of COVID-19 illness.
 

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Biodiversity

The term "biodiversity" is a contraction of "biological diversity," and it refers to all organisms, species, and populations, as well as their genetic variety and complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. It also refers to the interconnectedness of genes, species, and ecosystems, as well as the interactions between them and the environment. Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity are usually considered at three levels of biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the diversity of life on the planet. Each of these species and organisms work together in ecosystems to preserve balance and support life, much like an intricate web. Biodiversity provides everything we need to survive in nature, including food, clean water, medicine, and shelter. Biodiversity supplies us with a diverse range of nutrients and resources, as well as economic benefits. Biodiversity is also a vital component of the ecological services that keep life on Earth tolerable. They range from wetlands purifying water and absorbing toxins to plants supplying oxygen for us to breathe—just one of the numerous things plants do for us.

Sub-tracks :

•     Species diversity 
•     Genetic diversity 
•     Ecosystem diversity 
•     Biodiversity and Wildlife
•     Soil Biodiversity
•     Water Biodiversity
•     Forestry and Ecology
•     Waste Management
•     Aquatic ecosystems
•     Environmental Microbiology
•     Covid and Environment
•     Ethnobiology and Environment Law
•     Green technologies

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Environmental Design

Environmental design is a new way of thinking about consumer items and industrial operations that is environmentally conscious, long-term, and beneficial to both humans and the environment. Environmental design also refers to the applied arts and sciences that deal with the creation of a human-designed environment. Architecture, geography, urban planning, landscape architecture, and interior design are among these fields. Environmental design has consequences for product industrial design in a broader sense: innovative autos, wind power generators, solar-powered equipment, and other types of equipment could be examples. Sustainable design aims to reduce negative effects on the environment as well as the health and comfort of building occupants, resulting in improved building performance. It employs environmentally preferable products, conserves water, improves indoor environmental quality, and optimizes operational and maintenance practices. The key principles of sustainable building design, which are constantly developing are optimize site potential, energy efficiency, water conservation, building space and material usage.

Sub-tracks :

•     Architectural and environmental design
•     Sustainability in the built environment
•     Geographic studies
•     Energy science and technology
•     Building engineering
•     Architectural engineering
•     Environmental design and planning
•     Design methodology
•     Alternative design solutions
•     Design and construction
•     Human-designed environment
•     Virtual design environments, data modeling and visualization
•     Principles of environmental design
•     Measurement of environmental and energy parameters
•     Energy balance of buildings
•     Role and Impacts of Environmental Design
•     Pollution Control 
•     Geotechnical Projects
•     Energy Sustainability  and Sustainable Mobility
   

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Environmental Economics

Environmental economics is a branch of economics that focuses on environmental concerns. Environmental economics differs from ecological economics in that it highlights the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with an emphasis on natural capital preservation. Environmental economics, in its broadest sense, studies how economic activity and policies affect the environment in which we live. It studies how environmental and natural resources are generated and managed using economic concepts. The costs and benefits of various policy solutions can be compared using a range of economic techniques. EPA is also conducting new research to improve approaches for calculating the economic impact of environmental outcomes. Environmental economists conduct research to determine the economic implications of environmental policy, both theoretically and empirically. This branch of economics aids users in the creation of appropriate environmental policies as well as the analysis of the effects and merits of existing or prospective policies. Sustainable scale, equitable distribution, and efficient allocation are the three interconnected goals of ecological economics. All three of these factors lead to human happiness and long-term sustainability. 

Sub-tracks :

•     Ecosystem services and natural resources
•     Environmental macroeconomics & development
•     Environmental regulation
•     Economic impact of carbon pricing
•     Green and blue economy
•     Tools of environmental economics
•     Economic valuation, economic appraisal and economic instruments
•     Energy and climate change mitigation policies
•     Green Infrastructure and urban life
•     Behavioral economy
   

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Geophysics

The study of the physics of the Earth and its environs in space is known as geophysics. Geophysics is a key part of the Earth sciences that studies the Earth using physics principles and methods. The temperature distribution of the Earth's interior; the source, configuration, and changes of the geomagnetic field; and large-scale characteristics of the terrestrial crust, such as rifts, continental sutures, and mid-oceanic ridges, are all topics covered by geophysics. Modern geophysical research includes phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere's outer layers, as well as the physical attributes of other planets and their satellites. Geophysics is used to meet social needs such as mineral exploration, natural disaster mitigation, and environmental protection. Geophysical survey data is used in exploration geophysics to assess areas for environmental remediation, discover groundwater, find archaeological relics, calculate the thickness of glaciers and soils, and study possible petroleum reservoirs and mineral resources.

Sub-tracks:

•     Computational Geophysics
•     Experimental Geophysics
•     Geosphere
•     Cosmology and Planetary Science
•     Remote Sensing/GIS
•     GPS and Photogrammetry
•     Earth's Interior Physics
•     Exploration Geophysics
•     Geodynamics
•     Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
•     Geomagnetism
•     Geoacoustics
•     Radioactive Geophysics
•     Seismology
•     From Biophysics to Adaptation to Novel Proxies
•     Engineering Geophysical Methods
•     Geothermal & Hydrogeophysics
•     Special Applications in Geophysics
•     Advanced Geophysical Imaging and Characterization Methods
•     Dynamo theory
•     Marine geophysics
   

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Glaciology

Glaciology is a scientific field that studies all aspects of ice on landmasses. It examines the structure and properties of glacier ice, as well as its production and distribution, ice flow dynamics, and ice accumulation-climate interactions. Glaciological study is carried out using a range of techniques. Radar sounding is used to study the internal structure of glaciers, and the deformation of vertical boreholes or lateral tunnels bored into the ice is used to monitor glacier movement. Remote sensing data is used to estimate ice accumulation over wide areas, and oxygen isotope ratios are typically used to distinguish the distinct annual layers in glacier ice. Glaciers and ice sheets store water in frozen form during cold and overcast seasons and progressively release it during bright, hot periods when liquid water is most needed downstream. Glaciers hold and release massive amounts of water in non-ideal situations. Glaciologists have faced a hard task in cataloguing the world's glacier distribution, defining their state and dynamics, and measuring basic glaciological metrics like length and area. The discovery of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa, and Pluto gives the field of "astroglaciology" an alien dimension.

Sub-tracks:

•     Glacier science and glaciology
•     Glaciers and climate change
•     Glaciers, hydraulic and sedimentary processes
•     Glacier composition, mechanics and dynamics
•     The cryosphere and hydrology
•     Ocean–cryosphere interactions
•     The Greenland Ice Sheet
•     The Antarctic Ice Sheet
•     Climate and Earth-system modelling
•     Humans and the cryosphere
•     Anthropocene
•  
   

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Hydrogeology

The "Hydrologic Cycle" is the continual movement of water between different regions of the globe (atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere). Hydrogeology is the study of how water behaves in a geological setting based on hydraulic rules. It includes shaft hydraulic, which is drilling for water for various uses and controlling environmental behaviour, depending on the type of drilled material. Both specialties combine regional and local geology knowledge, as well as superficial and subterranean information, to contribute to the most efficient use of groundwater for long-term development. Geohydrology or groundwater hydrologies are two terms used to describe it. It is concerned with how water enters the earth (recharge), flows in the subsurface (aquifers), and interacts with the surrounding soil and rock (the geology). Hydrogeologists are working to find answers to some of the world's most pressing issues, such as long-term water supply, food and energy production, environmental protection, and climate change adaptation. Hydrogeologists study the geological consequences of surface water in rivers, streams, and lakes, whereas hydrologists assist with the mechanics and chemistry of moving groundwater.

Sub-tracks:

•     Environmental Hydrogeology and climate change
•     Waste disposal and management
•     Sea water intrusion
•     Groundwater quality assessment
•     Hydrogeology in Mining
•     Karstic Hydrogeology
•     Applied Hydrogeology
•     Hydraulic engineering
•     Hydrogeochemistry and Isotopic Hydrogeology
•     Remote Sensing and Aquatic Environments
•     Interaction of surface and groundwater
•     Groundwater Numerical Modeling
•     Transboundary aquifers
   

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Hydrology

One of our most valuable natural resources is water. There would be no life on Earth without it. Hydrology developed as a science in response to the necessity to comprehend the earth's complicated water system and assist in the resolution of water issues. Hydrology is the study of the Earth's waters, including their occurrence, distribution, and movement through the hydrologic cycle, as well as their interactions with living beings. It also covers the chemical and physical properties of water in all of its forms. The study of the link between water and its surroundings is the major goal of hydrology. Hydrology focuses on precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater since it is primarily concerned with water near the land surface. A hydrologist is a person who studies water on Earth and how humans interact with and use it. Hydrologists rely on their knowledge of how water interacts with its surroundings, such as how it travels from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back. Hydrologists use scientific knowledge and mathematical methods to tackle societal water-related issues such as quantity, quality, and availability. They're worried about getting water for cities or irrigated crops, as well as preventing river flooding and soil degradation. They operate in environmental protection, such as preventing or cleaning up pollution, or seeking safe disposal sites for hazardous material.

Sub-tracks:

•     Hydrochemistry and Hydrophysics
•     Hydrometeorology
•     Hydrometry
•     Hydrography
•     Hydroinformatics
•     Rivers and Estuary Hydrology
•     Geohydrology
•     Regional Hydrology
•     Eco – Hydrology
•     Water Management and Planning 
•     Ground Water
•     Irrigation
•     Hydraulic Engineering
•     River Basin Management
•     Analysis and Prediction of Drought
•     Ecohydrological Processes in Earth System Models
•     Flood Prediction, Analysis, and Management
•     Modeling, and Prediction of Water Availability across Scales
•     Remote Sensing of Precipitation 
•     Urban Hydrology: Modeling and Instrumentation
   

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Limnology

Limnology is the study of fresh or saline water, which includes lakes, ponds, reservoirs, streams, rivers, and seas, among other aquatic environments. It is an interdisciplinary discipline that studies inland waterways as complex ecological systems by combining biology, chemistry, physics, and geology. Aquatic ecology and hydrobiology, which study aquatic animals and their interactions with the abiotic (non-living) environment, are closely related to limnology. Limnology is the science of integrating the physical, chemical, and biological components of inland aquatic ecosystems with the drainage basin, water movements through the drainage basin, biogeochemical changes that occur en route, and exchanges with the atmosphere. The lake ecology is inextricably linked to its drainage region and atmosphere, as well as the flowing (lotic) waters and ground waters that carry and metabolise land components to the lake. The limnological field combines the functional links of growth, adaption, nutrient cycles, and biological production with species composition, as well as the physical, chemical, and biological conditions that regulate these relationships.

Sub-tracks:

•     Formation of lakes
•     Aquatic ecology
•     Hydrobiology
•     Lentic and Lotic ecosystems
•     Oceanography
•     Aquatic science
•     Earth’s Water Resources
•     Climate and ice dynamics
•     Winter and cross- seasonal biogeochemistry
•     Biotic and Abiotic environment
•     Trophic interactions under ice
   

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Meteorology

Meteorology is the branch of science that studies the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate. Meteorology is concerned with the study of the troposphere and lower stratosphere in particular. Meteorology is the scientific study of weather and its causes, and it is used to forecast the weather. Meteorologists are commonly thought of as weather forecasters. They study maps, satellite data, and radar data to analyze the physical characteristics of the atmosphere above them. They also compare weather data from local, regional, and international sources. Marine weather forecasting, as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, is an important branch of weather forecasting, in which weather effects also involve atmospheric interactions with enormous bodies of water. The significance of meteorological research can be felt in a variety of ways. Droughts, for example, cause water shortages, crop loss, reduced river flow rates, and increased wildfire risk. Furthermore, these effects may result in river passage restrictions, saltwater infiltration in aquifers and coastal bays, stress on diverse plant and animal species, population shifts, economic hardship, and even political instability. Because of the important importance of weather on human activities, the unreliable science of weather forecasting has developed. Water in the atmosphere changes back and forth between solid, liquid, and gas in a very complex manner makes this research domain very challenging. The equations employed in dynamic meteorology have been drastically altered as a result of these advancements.

Sub-tracks:

•     Dynamic meteorology
•     Applied meteorology
•     Atmospheric physics
•     Micrometeorology
•     Hemisphere Meteorology
•     Mountain Meteorology
•     Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology
•     Satellite Meteorology
•     Meteorology for air quality applications
   

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Natural Hazards

Natural hazards are physical phenomena that occur in nature and might be geophysical, hydrological, climatological, meteorological, or biological in nature. Natural hazards occur on a variety of time and area scales, and each is distinct in some way. Such tragedies result in significant human and material losses, which constitute a severe impediment to long-term growth. Lives and property can be safeguarded by providing accurate predictions and warnings in an easily accessible format, as well as educating people on how to safeguard for these kinds of threats before they become disasters. Severe and extreme weather and climatic phenomena are examples of natural hazards. Despite the fact that they can occur anywhere on the planet, some locations are more prone to specific hazards than others. When people's lives and livelihoods are devastated, natural disasters become disasters. The global yearly average loss in the built environment due to tropical cyclones (wind and storm surge), earthquakes, tsunamis, and floods is presently estimated to be US$314 billion.

Sub-tracks:

•     Earthquakes & Landslides
•     New Technologies and Natural Disasters
•     Floods, Windstorms & Wildfires
•     Climate Change and Sustainability
•     Forensics of liquefaction
•     Seismic isolation
•     Critical Energy Infrastructure
•     Landslide-Structure-Interaction
•     Hazard Prediction, Warning and Risk Management
•     Soil-Structure Interaction
•     Isolation and Energy Dissipation Devices
•     Landslides Prevention and Mitigation 
•     Instrumentation and Remote Sensing
•     Urban Drainage Infrastructure 
•     Storms, Hurricanes, Tropical Cyclones and Tsunamis 
•     Drought impacts 
•     Human contributions to climate risks
•     Geomorphologic events
   

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Oceanography

Oceanography is the study of the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, as well as the ocean's ancient history, current state, and future. The function of oceanographers may be more vital now than it has ever been, as the ocean is endangered by climate change and pollution, coasts are crumbling, and entire species of marine life are on the verge of extinction. Biological oceanography is, in fact, one of the most important branches of oceanography today. It is the study of the plants and animals that live in the ocean, as well as their interactions with the marine environment. However, oceanography includes more than just research and study. It's also about leveraging that data to assist leaders in making informed decisions regarding policies that affect ocean health. Oceanography has influenced how humans use the sea for transportation, food, energy, water, and a variety of other purposes. Oceanography is concerned with more than just the sea's living species. Geological oceanography is a discipline of oceanography that studies the creation of the seabed and how it evolves through time. The study of the interactions between the bottom, the coastline, and the atmosphere is known as physical oceanography. Chemical oceanography, on the other hand, is the study of seawater's chemical composition and how it is changed by weather, human activity, and other variables.

Sub-tracks:

•     Biological oceanography
•     Geological oceanography 
•     Physical oceanography 
•     Chemical oceanography
•     Biological Carbon Pump, Particle Pumps and Microbial Carbon Pump 
•     Biogeochemistry in Ancient Oceans
•     Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions
•     Tropical Cyclone-Ocean Interactions
•     Coastal and Estuarine Biology 
•     Water Quality Monitoring 
•     Microbial carbon and nitrogen cycle
•     Organic Matter and Trace Elements
•     Marine ecosystems and Biodiversity
•     Ocean Exploration Technology
•     Marine photochemistry and photobiology
•     Climate and Ocean Change
•     Ocean Data Science, Analytics, and Management
•     Artificial Intelligence in Ocean Modelling
•     Ocean Technologies and Observatories
   

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Paleontology

Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life, which includes dinosaurs as well as prehistoric plants, animals, fish, insects, fungi, and even bacteria. Fossil evidence indicates how organisms evolved over time and how our world looked in the past. Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and single-celled organisms that have been replaced by rock material or impressions of species preserved in rock are known as fossils. Paleontologists study the remains of extinct and living species to learn more about them. Individual fossils may include information on the life and surroundings of an organism. Paleontology is concerned with all elements of ancient life forms' biology, including their shape and structure, evolutionary patterns, taxonomic relationships with other ancient life forms and contemporary living species, geographic distribution, and interactions with the environment. Its investigative methods include biometry, which is used to provide a statistical description of organism shapes and the quantitative expression of taxonomic connections. Paleontology has played an important part in reconstructing Earth's history and has offered plenty of evidence to back up evolution hypothesis.

Sub-tracks:

•     Palaeozoic
•     Mesozoic I and Mesozoic II
•     Cenozoic I and Cenozoic II
•     General Palaeontology
•     Ancient ecosystems
•     Palaeobiology and historical ecology 
•     3D imaging of fossils
•     Life in Palaeozoic seas and oceans
•     Macroecology and the fossil record
•     Mesozoic palaeontology and palaeoenvironments
•     Biostratigraphy
•     Palaeobiodiversity
•     Palaeontology and geological heritage
•     Palaeobiogeography
•     Palaeoecology, biodiversity and evolution 
•     Biominerals
•     Conservation Paleobiology
•     Palynology, Palaeoenvironment and Palaeoclimate 
•     Molecular Palaeontology 
   

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Physical Geography

The study of the processes that shape the Earth's surface, the animals and plants that live there, and the spatial patterns they exhibit is known as physical geography. Physical geography focuses on the Earth's land-surface and envelope, emphasizing the geographical differences that occur as well as the temporal changes that are required to comprehend the Earth's current environments. Its goal is to figure out how the physical environment of the Earth affects and is changed by human activity. Physical geography is split into geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, and biogeography. It develops research that impact environmental management and design, drawing on skills in mathematical and statistical modeling as well as remote sensing. Physical geographers study the earth's landscapes, surface processes, and climate—all of the activity that occurs in atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. There are many different factors that make up physical geography. Seasons, the composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and wind, storms and climatic disturbances, climate zones, microclimates, the hydrologic cycle, soils, rivers and streams, flora and fauna, weathering, erosion, natural hazards, deserts, glaciers and ice sheets, coastal terrain, ecosystems, geologic systems, and much more are among the topics covered.

Sub-tracks:

•     Atmosphere
•     Hydrosphere 
•     Biosphere  
•     Lithosphere
•     Geomorphology
•     Biogeography
•     Climatology
•     Soil geography and Palaeogeography
•     Coastal geography  and Oceanography
•     Quaternary science
•     Landscape ecology
•     Geomatics 
•     Environmental geography
   

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Pollution Control

The process of minimizing or eliminating the release of pollutants into the environment is known as pollution control. Pollution control is any of a number of techniques used to limit the environmental damage caused by the discharge of dangerous substances and energies. Waste disposal systems, such as sanitary landfills, automotive emission control systems, sewerage system sedimentation tanks, electrostatic precipitation of pollutants from industrial gas, and recycling are all examples of pollution control methods. Pollution occurs when toxins are introduced into the natural environment and cause harm. Pollution can be in the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas), or it might be in the form of energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants are either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring pollutants that contribute to pollution. Air pollution, light pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution are all major types of pollution. The control of pollution, second only to the conservation of species from loss of biological diversity, is the conservation concern of largest magnitude; it could even be argued that pollution control is more urgent and crucial than the conservation of species from loss of biological diversity. Pollution control does not imply abandoning current profitable human activities, but rather rearranging them so that their negative consequences do not outweigh their benefits. 

Sub-tracks:

•     Pollutants
•     Climate Change and Global Warming
•     Recycling & Waste Management
•     Bioenergy and Biofuels
•     Bioremediation
•     Environmental Chemistry & Engineering
•     Green Nanotechnology
•     Industrial Pollution & Control Devices
•     Environmental Risk Management and Environmental Protection
•     Groundwater Issues
•     Health and Environment
•     Oil Spills
•     Soil Pollution and Treatment
•     Wastewater Pollution control 
•     Noise Pollution
•     Deforestation
•     Marine Pollution
•     Environmental Monitoring and Management
•     Atmospheric science and air pollution control
•     Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Utilization
•     Acid rain and greenhouse gases
   

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Recycling

Waste materials are recycled, recovered, and reprocessed for use in new goods. The gathering of waste materials, their processing or production into new products, and the purchase of those items, which can then be recycled, is the basic processes in recycling. Internal and external recycling operations are the two main types of recycling operations. Internal recycling is the reuse of materials that are a waste product of a manufacturing process within that process. The advantages are numerous, and everyone benefits when people recycle on a regular basis. The benefits of a well-maintained recycling program are numerous, whether it is a community effort to help beautify a dirty neighborhood street or on a bigger scale to assist a corporation save hundreds to thousands of dollars on waste management. Recycling can assist to minimize the amount of solid waste dumped in landfills, which are becoming increasingly costly. Recycling also minimizes garbage disposal-related contamination of the air, water, and land.

Sub-tracks:

•     Mechanical Recycling
•     Energy Recycling
•     Chemical Recycling
•     Ferrous metals and Nonferrous metals
•     Construction and demolition waste
•     Domestic refuse
•     Benefits of Recycling
•     Environmental practice and policy
•     Recycling Basics
•     Electronic or “e-waste”
•     Paper and Plastic  Recycling
•     Food and Agricultural Waste Recycling
•     Industrial Waste Recycling
•     Waste water recycling
•     Chemical waste recycling
•     Advanced Recycling: Physical & Chemical
•     Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
•     Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) / Ocean Waste
   

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Remediation

The process of eliminating toxins from polluted places caused by industrial, manufacturing, mining, and commercial activity is known as remediation. From detection, investigation, assessment, determination of remedial measures, actual clean-up, and site rebuilding, remediation is an all-encompassing step process of land restoration. To lessen the environmental impact, dirty or contaminated soil, sediment, surface water, or groundwater is removed during remediation. Environmental remediation is carried out on soil, sediment, groundwater, and surface water, among other environmental media. The process of eliminating toxins from water is known as water remediation. Pollutants dumped directly into the water or drainage from the ground can contaminate surface water in lakes, streams, and rivers. Contaminants seeping through the soil and sediment above it can damage groundwater, which is the underground water that saturates porous material. Groundwater pollution has also happened as a result of industrial practices including mining and natural gas and oil drilling. Soil remediation refers to methods for cleaning and revitalizing the soil. Many of the same variables that cause groundwater pollution also cause soil contamination. Soil and groundwater are frequently affected by the same source, necessitating simultaneous remediation. Chemical spills, industrial activity, and the use of certain fertilizers and pesticides can all lead to soil pollution. In-situ and ex-situ environmental remediation are two different types of environmental remediation. Ex-situ remediation includes excavating soil or sediment and treating it before returning it to its original state, whereas in-situ remediation involves treating contamination on the site without removing soil. Environmental remediation is the process of removing toxins from the environment.

Sub-tracks:

•     Bioremediation
•     Nanoremediation
•     Soil remediation
•     Groundwater and Surface water remediation
•     Sediment remediation
•     Environmental remediation
•     Pumping systems
•     Interceptor systems
•     Biodegradation
•     Groundwater barrier systems
•     Bioslurry
•     Excavation
•     Air Stripping/Sparging
•     Desalination
•     Remediation standards
•     Waste stabilization technologies
•     Thermal desorption
•     Environmental risk assessment
•     Excavation or dredging
•     Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR)
•     Pump and treat
•     In situ oxidation
•     Soil vapor extraction
•     Site assessment and mapping
•     Solidification and stabilization
•     Oxidation
   

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Remote Sensing

In contrast to in situ or on-site observation, remote sensing is the collecting of information about an object or phenomenon without making direct contact with it. The method of detecting and monitoring the physical features of a region by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation from a distance, usually via a satellite or aircraft, is known as remote sensing. Active and passive remote sensing are the two forms of remote sensing technology. Active sensors produce energy to scan objects and spaces, after which a sensor detects and measures the reflected or backscattered radiation from the target. Active remote sensing techniques such as RADAR and LiDAR measure the time delay between emission and return to determine an object's location, speed, and direction. Radiation emitted or reflected by the object or its surroundings is collected by passive sensors. The most prevalent source of radiation measured by passive sensors is reflected sunlight. Remote sensing has numerous applications in a variety of industries. Data can be utilized for coastal mapping and erosion control, as well as hazard assessment and natural resource management. Remote sensing can be used to monitor air quality in cities, as well as urban planning and climate change.

Sub-tracks:

•     Remote Sensing of Agriculture
•     Hydrological Remote Sensing
•     Ocean Topography
•     Remote Sensing in Climate Change Studies
•     Topological Modeling and Analysis
•     Underground Geo-Reserves Modeling
•     Urban Remote Sensing
•     New sensor developments
•     Machine learning and  Remote sensing
•     Remote sensing and GIS
•     Hyperspectral analytical approaches
•     3D techniques: LIDAR and Stereo.
•     Environmental Monitoring Concepts
•     Landscape modeling
•     Sustainability and planning
•     Global climate change. and Remote Sensing
•     Hazard Mitigation 
•     Geologic Applications
•     Earthquakes and volcanoes
•     3D urban modeling
•     Remote Sensing for Archaeology
•     Remote Sensing and Weather
•     Laser-based Sensing in the Atmosphere and Underwater
•     Free-Space Optical (FSO) Communication Techniques and Applications
•     Sensors for monitoring water resources in hydrology
•     Cloud detection, profiling and characterization
•     Environmental, disaster, and fire monitoring
   

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Sewage Treatment

The removal of contaminants from wastewater, or sewage, before it reaches aquifers or natural bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, estuaries, and seas is known as wastewater treatment. Because pure water does not exist outside of chemical laboratories, any differentiation between clean and contaminated water is based on the type and concentration of pollutants contained in the water, as well as its intended purpose. Water is said to be polluted in broad terms when it contains enough contaminants to make it inappropriate for a specific use, such as drinking, swimming, or fishing. Although natural factors influence water quality, the term pollution usually refers to contamination caused by human activity. As a result, water pollution is mostly caused by the discharge of contaminated wastewater into surface or groundwater, and wastewater treatment is a key component of water pollution prevention. Domestic sewage, industrial sewage, and storm sewage are the three types of wastewater or sewage. Domestic sewage, also known as sanitary sewage, transports used water from homes and flats. Water from manufacturing or chemical operations is used in industrial sewage. Storm sewage, often known as storm water, is rainwater collected in a system of pipelines or open channels. There has been numerous sewage treatment technologies created, the majority of which use biological treatment processes. When selecting an appropriate technology, engineers and decision makers must consider technical and economic criteria, as well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of each option.

Sub-tracks:

•     Domestic waste
•     Industrial sewage
•     Storm water
•     Combined systems
•     Separate systems
•     Alternative systems
•     On-site septic tanks and leaching fields
•     Wastewater reuse
•     Emerging technologies
•     Carbon offset
•     Emissions trading
•     Acid rain and greenhouse gases
•     Biosolids
•     Sewerage system
•     Clean Water Act
•     Activated-sludge method
•     Trickling filter
•     Pumps
•     Wastewater treatment and management
•     Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
•     Solid waste management
•     Environmental impact assessment and mitigation
•     Site remediation
•     Pollution control technology
   

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Soil Science

Soil is one of the most significant natural resources on the planet. Mineral soil is a mixture of organic materials, minerals, gases, and water that makes up the top layer of the Earth's crust. As erosion of the bedrock on the Earth's surface interacts with decomposing organic matter, soil emerges progressively over time. Soil often forms in layers (also known as horizons) that differ in colour and texture from one another. It has the potential to aid in the fight against and mitigation of climate change. It's also a diverse and complex ecosystem that supports a wide range of wildlife. As a result, the impact of soil on life is enormous. Soil performs a variety of tasks and services that would be impossible to achieve without it. By anchoring roots and storing nutrients, it creates an environment in which plants (including food crops and timber wood) can thrive. It filters and cleans our water, as well as assisting in the prevention of natural disasters such as flooding. It has a huge amount of biodiversity. Finally, it is the largest carbon store on the planet, assisting in climate regulation. Human activities, on the other hand, are endangering and damaging soils all over the world. In terms of structure, depth, texture, and fertility, soils from all around the world differ. Because of these distinctions, soils help human cultures in a variety of ways, including environmental, economic, and social. Mineral matter makes up 45 percent of soil, organic matter makes up 5%, air makes up 25%, and water makes up 25%, and these four components are critical for soil management.

Sub-tracks:

•     Soil Fertility
•     Soil Metabolism
•     Ecosystem Stability
•     Plant Ecology
•     Soil Erosion
•     Soil Pollution and Contamination
•     Agronomy 
•     Natural Resources
•     Plant Nutrition 
•     Agriculture Engineering
•     Agriculture Biotechnology
•     Crop Sciences
•     Agroforestry and Landscaping
•     Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
•     Climate Change and Soil Science
•     Soil and Biodiversity
•     Soil Acidification and Salinization
   

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Climate Change Challenges Sustainability

Climate change is the most significant environmental issue humanity will confront in the coming decade. Climate change, which is triggered by a rise in global temperatures, causes an array of harmful impacts on earth, affecting the physical, biological, and human systems. Melting of the poles, glacial regression, snow melting, warming and thawing of permafrost, floods, droughts, and sea level rise are all examples of climate change affects on the planet's physical processes. Death of flora and fauna in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as wildfires, are the most common occurrences in biological systems. Climate change has an impact on and damages crops and food production in human systems, which leads to diseases, mortality, and loss of economic livelihoods. Climate change, economic scarcity, and poverty are all linked in one way or another. The commitment to conserve natural resources and maintain global ecosystems in order to support health and quality of life today and in the future is known as environmental sustainability. Climate change is one of the most significant problems to environmental sustainability which raises development costs by 25 to 30 percent in the underdeveloped and developing countries.

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Degrowth effect on Climate Change

Degrowth refers to a set of theories that challenge the economic growth paradigm.   Acknowledgement of our planet's limits, concomitant slowdown in resource extraction, production and consumption, are all part of the agenda. The goal of degrowth is to reduce our dependency on environmentally unsustainable extraction and manufacturing techniques, not necessarily to limit the size of our economy. Climate change challenges cannot be solved without addressing the world's rapidly rising human population, which leads to increased consumption and carbon emissions. The climate change, considered as the greatest concern, is being aggravated by increasing human population pressure, while it continues to impact the planet's inhabitants. De-growth, not only economically but also in terms of population, is the only way to combat climate change. De-growth as a theory condemning economic expansion is based on a number of paradigms, including political ecology, ecological economics, and environmental justice. Conventional climate and environmental policy has evolved over time with the assumption of reducing carbon emissions, preserving ecosystems, and saving endangered species while improving material living standards for everyone on the planet. Degrowth, on the other hand, implies a new type of economy, one that can support development despite a drop in aggregate activity. Degrowth would require societies abandoning the concept that only GDP growth is an adequate sign of growth and instead embracing to live better while producing less   In terms of climate politics, degrowth is still a minor trend, but it's gaining traction.
 

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Kelp Forests effect on Climate Change

Kelp is a form of seaweed that is commonly farmed. It is a keystone organism,   t his brown alga can be found in cold, coastal marine waters all around the world. Kelp forests can be found primarily throughout the Eastern Pacific Coast, from Alaska and Canada to the waters off the coast of California. It grows extremely fast, up to 2ft per day and requires no fertilizer or weeding. This abundant habitat supports a diverse range of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammals, forming the foundation of a diverse ecosystem. Kelps can be found in subtidal areas. Bull kelp is an annual species that dies and regrows every year, while giant kelp is a perennial species that survives for several years. It employs photosynthesis to absorb CO2 and produce biomass. Kelp can trap up to 20 times more carbon per acre than land forests, assisting in the slowing of local acidification. Coastal marine systems can absorb carbon at up to 50 times the rate of land-based forests. Kelp forests are also among the world's most prolific ecosystems, allowing them to support the diverse assemblage of species that would otherwise be extinct. Kelp cleans the water and filters the waste products produced by the forest creatures. However, climate change puts these natural carbon sinks in jeopardy. As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise, more of the gas is dissolved in the oceans, making them more acidic. This, combined with warming oceans, it is already wreaking havoc on coral reefs and seaweed ecosystems. Extreme marine heat waves, similar to coral bleaching events or forest die-offs on land, have caused rapid and huge kelp die-offs in recent years.
 

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Climate Modeling and Prediction

Introduction
Climate modeling and prediction refer to the use of mathematical and computational models to simulate and forecast various aspects of the Earth's climate system. These models are essential tools for understanding past and future climate changes, as well as for making informed decisions related to climate policy and adaptation.

Climate models are typically based on a complex set of mathematical equations that describe various processes in the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and other components of the climate system. These models take into account factors such as temperature, humidity, wind patterns, greenhouse gas concentrations, and more.

Climate modeling serves several purposes:
• Understanding Past Climate: By using historical data and observations, climate models can simulate past climate conditions. This helps scientists validate the models and understand the Earth's climate history.
• Projecting Future Climate: Climate models are used to make predictions about future climate conditions based on different scenarios, including greenhouse gas emissions, land use changes, and more. These predictions are crucial for understanding potential future impacts of climate change.
• Assessing Climate Impacts: Climate models help assess the potential impacts of climate change on various aspects of society and the environment, such as sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and shifts in ecosystems.
• Policy and Planning: Climate models supply vital data that empower policymakers and planners to make informed decisions regarding climate change mitigation, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and adaptation strategies, such as constructing resilient infrastructure.

The Process of Climate Modeling
Climate modeling is a complex process that involves several key components:
• Data Collection: Scientists gather a vast amount of data from diverse sources, such as satellites, weather stations, and ocean buoys, to construct a comprehensive snapshot of the present climate.
• Model Construction: Climate models are constructed based on the laws of physics, chemistry, and biology that govern the climate system. These models consist of various components, each representing the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice sheets. These components work together to simulate the intricate interactions within the Earth's system.
• Model Validation: Researchers validate climate models by comparing their output to historical climate data. Models must accurately reproduce past climate conditions to be considered reliable.
• Scenario Simulations: Scientists run climate models with different scenarios to project future climate conditions. These scenarios include varying levels of greenhouse gas emissions and other relevant factors.

Challenges and Uncertainties
• Complexity: The Earth's climate system is extremely complex, and models need to simplify it in order to be computationally feasible. However, this simplification can introduce uncertainties into predictions.
• Uncertain Inputs: Climate models depend on data inputs, and some of these inputs, such as future emission projections, may be uncertain. Uncertainty in input data can affect the accuracy of model results.
• Model Limitations: Models cannot have all aspects of the climate system, such as small-scale processes or sudden changes, which may affect their ability to make accurate predictions.

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Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

Introduction:
Climate change is a major issue today. Scientists agree that human activities such as burning fossil fuels and cutting down trees are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases heat up the world, causing a number of problems. We need strategies to reduce these emissions to fix this.

Key Climate Change Mitigation Strategies:
• Transition to Renewable Energy: Using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and water power is very important. It means we rely less on fossil fuels and pollute less. To make this switch faster, we need government support and investments from companies.
• Energy Efficiency: Saving energy is crucial in fighting climate change. We can do this by using less energy in buildings, transportation, and industries. This means using better technology, like energy-saving appliances, and building things in a more eco-friendly way.
• Reforestation and Afforestation: Forests act as natural carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Afforestation (planting new forests) and reforestation (restoring degraded forests) are effective strategies for sequestering carbon and enhancing biodiversity. They also help mitigate the impacts of deforestation. Trees are critical in absorbing CO2 and supporting ecosystems.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane and nitrous oxide. Sustainable farming practices, such as no-till farming, crop rotation, and reduced meat consumption, can reduce emissions and promote soil health.
• Circular Economy: A circular economy promotes recycling and reusing materials to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing and waste disposal. This approach conserves resources and minimizes waste, ultimately reducing emissions.
• Carbon Pricing: Carbon pricing, like carbon taxes or cap-and-trade, makes people and businesses pay for their carbon emissions. This gives them a good reason to use cleaner technologies and pollute less.
• Sustainable Transportation: By encouraging the use of electric cars, bicycles, and public transportation, we are able to minimise pollution in the transportation sector. Governments can support eco-friendly choices by investing in greener public transportation systems.
• Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: It is essential to build and upgrade infrastructure with climate change in mind, including flood protection, resilient urban planning, and sustainable water management.
• International Cooperation: To set carbon reduction goals and mobilize resources for climate action, global collaboration through agreements like the Paris Agreement is crucial. Global cooperation is necessary to address the issue of climate change.

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Climate Finance and Investment

Introduction:
Climate finance and investment are financial resources and activities that helps in the prevention of climate change and leading to a cleaner, greener future. They are important in the global fight against climate change.

The Climate Crisis: A Global Emergency:
Climate change is a global emergency that requires immediate attention and action. The overwhelming scientific consensus states the critical importance of addressing climate change as its effects become more severe. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and ecosystem disruptions are just a few of the issues we are dealing with.

The Transformative Power of Climate Finance and Investment:

• Mitigation Projects: Climate financing provides funds for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This includes things like clean energy, efficient technologies, and tree planting. These projects are essential in reducing global warming and dealing with climate issues.
• Adaptation Initiatives: Adaptation Initiatives are projects that help communities, ecosystems, and systems cope with the effects of climate change. They make people and nature stronger, more protected and more resilient to extreme weather and rising sea levels. Building strong structures, preparing for disasters, and using sustainable farming methods are examples of these projects. They are critical in global efforts to assist societies in coping with climate change and growing despite its challenges.
• Innovation and Clean Technology: Innovation and clean technology refer to new and improved ideas and technologies that help reduce pollution and environmental harm. These innovations lead to cleaner and more sustainable ways of doing things, such as producing energy, managing waste, and conserving resources. They play an important role in addressing environmental issues and are necessary for achieving a greener and more sustainable world.
• Inclusive Development: Climate finance should prioritise ensuring that everyone, including those living in poverty, has access to the resources and opportunities required to deal with climate change. This approach helps to reduce inequalities and ensures that the benefits of climate action are spread fairly.

Challenges and Opportunities:

Climate change presents both challenges and opportunities. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption are among the challenges, all of which pose a threat to human health and the environment. Addressing climate change, on the other hand, provides opportunities for innovation, job creation, and sustainable development. We can reduce the challenges and seize the opportunities to build a more sustainable future by transitioning to cleaner energy sources, adopting eco-friendly technologies, and implementing climate-resilient practises.

• Public-Private Collaboration: Collaboration between the public and private sectors can unlock significant financial resources. Public policies and incentives can stimulate private investments in climate solutions.
• Innovative Financial Mechanisms: Innovative financing instruments, such as green bonds and climate funds, provide avenues for funding climate projects. They allow investors to support sustainability while achieving returns.
• International Solidarity: Global cooperation, exemplified by institutions like the Green Climate Fund, is essential. It ensures that financial support reaches developing nations and that climate finance is distributed fairly.
 

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Climate Education and Outreach

Introduction:
Climate education and outreach play an important role in the fight against climate change. Education provides critical knowledge about climate-related issues, while outreach connects people to this information. It combination not only raises awareness but also acts as a catalyst for action, enabling communities to address the pressing challenges posed by our changing climate.

The Climate Crisis: A Call for Understanding and Action:

The scientific agreement is clear: human activities, particularly the production of greenhouse gases, are driving global temperatures to record-breaking levels. Climate change's effects are already being seen around the world, from more frequent and severe weather events to rising sea levels and biological disruptions. Climate education and outreach are critical in increasing awareness and developing the skills and knowledge required to address these concerns.

Climate Education: Equipping the Next Generation:

• Formal Education: Climate education in schools and colleges provides students with scientific knowledge, critical thinking skills, and an awareness of the environment. It raises a generation of ecologically sensitive and knowledgeable people.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: Climate education crosses traditional borders, incorporating science, policy, and social concerns. It offers a thorough understanding of the complexity of climate change.
• Hands-On Learning: Experiential and practical activities, like as environmental science projects and field trips, let students interact with climate challenges on a personal level.

Climate Outreach: Empowering Communities:

• Awareness Campaigns: Climate change awareness is raised through campaigns, workshops, and seminars. They engage communities and create a sense of urgency.
• Behavioral Change: Climate awareness campaigns urge people to follow sustainable behaviors such as decreasing energy usage and waste, taking public transit, and supporting clean energy.
• Inclusivity: Effective outreach reaches a wide range of audiences, meeting the needs and problems of various demographic groups. It promotes a sense of shared responsibility for the environment.

Challenges and Future Directions

Climate education and outreach have significant potential, but several obstacles must be overcome. These difficulties include a lack of standardised climate lessons, a lack of resources, and the need to ensure that climate education reaches minority populations. Addressing these issues requires the collaboration of governments, educational institutions, non-profit organisations, and the private sector.

Climate education and outreach will become even more important as time goes on. The growing urgency of the climate crisis necessitates informing the public about the consequences of inaction as well as the benefits of sustainable practises. We can create a more informed and empowered society capable of addressing the interconnected challenges of climate change by increasing climate knowledge, motivating action, and involving communities. Climate education and outreach go beyond simply raising awareness of the issue; they empower individuals and communities to be part of the solution and collaborate for a more sustainable and resilient future.
 

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Climate Change and Human Health

Introduction:

Climate change and human health are interconnected. The changing climate can lead to more extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and storms, which can directly harm people. It also affects air and water quality, spreads diseases, and impacts food and water security, all of which can have negative consequences for human health. Addressing climate change is crucial to protect and improve our well-being.

Climate Change Impacts on Health:

• Extreme Heat: As the Earth gets hotter, we experience more frequent and longer-lasting heatwaves. These extreme heat events can lead to heat-related problems like heat exhaustion and heatstroke. People most vulnerable to these health risks are the elderly, children, and those with existing health issues.
• Air Quality: Climate change makes air pollution worse by increasing ground-level ozone and tiny particle levels. Breathing this dirty air for a long time can cause problems like asthma attacks, bronchitis, and heart issues.
• Vector-Borne Diseases: Changes in climate affect the distribution and behavior of disease-carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. It helps in spreading transmitted by insects like malaria, dengue fever, and the infection to new areas, exposing previously unaffected populations to these health risks.
• Waterborne Diseases: Increased rainfall and flooding can contaminate water supplies, resulting in outbreaks of waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery. 
• Mental Health: Climate change-related events, such as hurricanes, wildfires, and lengthy droughts, can cause major depression and trauma among impacted people. Furthermore, the underlying concern caused by a fast-changing climate can contribute to mental health issues.

Vulnerable Populations:

It's important to understand that climate change doesn't harm everyone equally. People with low incomes, marginalised groups, and those with pre-existing health problems are often the most in danger. They might not have the help or resources to handle the health problems caused by climate change, which makes them more at risk of getting sick.

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies:

• Mitigation: Mitigation is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, from which is critical for protecting our health climate change. This includes transitioning to clean energy, utilising energy more efficiently, and promoting environmentally friendly transportation. These actions reduce climate change and improve air quality, which is beneficial to our respiratory health.
• Public Health Infrastructure: Improving public health infrastructure is necessary for responding to climate-related health hazards. This involves the creation of early warning systems for harsh weather events, improved illness surveillance, and the construction of robust healthcare systems.
• Education and Awareness: improving public awareness about climate-related health risks and encouraging healthy behaviours can help reduce health issues. People and societies are empowered by education to adapt to changing climate conditions and adopt health-conscious practices.
• Adaptation: Communities must adjust to changing climatic conditions in order to safeguard human health. This includes developing heat action plans, strengthening water and sanitation infrastructure to avoid waterborne infections, and putting in place vector control measures to prevent disease transmission.
 

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Climate Change and Land Use Planning

Introduction:

Climate change is a big problem that affects our economy, infrastructure, well-being, and environment. Land use planning is essential to solving this issue. Planning our land use is essential for determining how we utilise and develop it, as well as for addressing climate change. It examines the relationship between land use planning and climate change, highlighting the significance of cautious and sustainable methods to build resilient communities.

The Climate Crisis: Necessitating Strategic Land Use Planning:

The global climate crisis is characterized by rising temperatures, extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and shifting weather patterns. These impacts have profound implications for land use and necessitate a strategic response through land use planning.

The Role of Land Use Planning:

Mitigation of Climate Change:
• Reducing Urban Sprawl: Maintaining a more compact layout of cities and towns is essential to reducing urban sprawl. It involves creating more compact communities where homes, businesses, and green spaces are closer together. This helps in using land more efficiently, reducing the need for long drives, and protecting natural areas. It's about making cities more walkable, with better public transport, so people can easily get around without relying on cars as much.
• Promoting Sustainable Transportation: Well-planned communities prioritize public transportation, cycling, and walking, reducing the reliance on individual vehicles powered by fossil fuels.
• Preserving Natural Carbon Sinks: Strategic land use planning can protect forests, wetlands, and other natural areas that sequester carbon dioxide, helping mitigate climate change.

Adaptation to Climate Change:
• Floodplain Management: Land use planning can designate and protect floodplains, reducing the risk of flooding in vulnerable areas.
• Conserving Green Spaces: Preserving green spaces within urban areas offers natural cooling and flood mitigation, especially during extreme weather events.
• Zoning and Building Codes: Land use regulations can ensure that new construction meets stringent standards for resilience to climate impacts, such as stronger building codes in hurricane-prone regions.

Challenges and Considerations:
• Economic Interests: Balancing economic interests with climate goals can be challenging, as some economic activities may be at odds with sustainability.
• Equity and Access: Ensuring that land use planning benefits all communities, particularly vulnerable and marginalized populations, is crucial to avoid exacerbating inequalities.
• Long-Term Vision: Land use planning requires long-term thinking and commitment, which can be challenging in political contexts that prioritize short-term gains.

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Green Technology Innovation

Introduction:

Climate change is deeply connected to how we use land. The choices we make about things like farming, cities, and forests affect the environment and climate a lot. For example, cutting down forests releases a ton of carbon into the air, making climate change worse. But if we plan things smartly, like planting more trees and using better farming methods, we can actually help fight climate change. It's all about making thoughtful decisions about how we use land to make sure we're taking care of the planet.

The Imperative for Green Technology:

Today's environmental problems, like climate change, using up resources, and pollution, are really important, and we need to act fast. Green technology helps with these issues by giving us sustainable solutions that make sense financially and help the environment too.

Green Technology Innovation and Its Impact:

• Renewable Energy Sources: Green technologies have changed the energy sector a lot. Progress in solar, wind, and hydropower has made renewable energy easier to get and more affordable. These changes not only cut down on greenhouse gas emissions but also make more jobs in the renewable energy industry.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy conservation is achieved by the use of improved green technology, particularly in sectors of smarter buildings, appliances, and transportation. This reduces electricity costs and makes these environmentally friendly and economical choices.
• Waste Reduction and Recycling: Green technology is driving innovation in waste management and recycling operations. New ways for repurposing materials and decreasing waste are not only environmentally friendly, but also minimize the demand for resource extraction.
• Clean Transportation: Electric vehicles and green transportation options, based on battery technology and renewable fuels, are lowering greenhouse gas emissions and improving the air quality in cities.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Green technology innovations are improving sustainable agriculture practices, reducing the environmental effect of farming while increasing food production to satisfy the needs of the world's rising population.
• Water and Air Quality: Green technology created solutions for better water purification and air quality control. These advancements are necessary for ensuring clean, safe water and healthy air.

Challenges and Opportunities:

While green technology offers exciting solutions, it also faces obstacles. Some of challenges include early investment costs, resistance to change, and the necessity for international cooperation. However, within these challenges lie opportunities for progress.

• Economic Growth: Green technology innovation builds economic growth by establishing new markets and job possibilities, placing it as a driver rather than a drag on the economy.
• Sustainability: Shifting to a technology-driven green lifestyle not only helps us conserve the environment but also ensures that future generations inherit a planet capable of sustaining human life.
• International Collaboration: As worldwide issues involve global solutions, green technology innovation promotes international cooperation and partnerships, boosting linkages between nations.
 

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Climate Change and Air Quality

Introduction:

Climate change and air quality are two interconnected global challenges today. While climate change is primarily caused by the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, air quality deteriorates due to pollutant emissions from lots of places. It examines the complex relationship between climate change and air quality, highlighting the necessity for a comprehensive approach to addressing both important challenges.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Air Quality:

• Increased Temperature: Climate change may affect air quality by raising global temperatures. Higher temperatures can cause the development of ground-level ozone, which is a primary component of smog and has a negative impact on respiratory health.
• Wildfires: Wildfires have become more frequent and intense as a result of climate change. These flames emit massive volumes of particulate matter and toxic chemicals into the atmosphere, causing harm to air quality.
• Changing Weather Patterns: Changed weather patterns caused by climate change can indeed have a significant impact on the dispersion of air pollution. Stagnant air masses, often associated with altered weather patterns, can trap contaminants and result in localized air quality issues. This is a well-documented phenomenon, and it highlights the complex and interconnected nature of climate change and its effects on the environment and public health.

Air Quality Impacts on Climate Change:

• Particulate Matter: Particulate matter emitted into the atmosphere as a result of sources such as fossil fuel combustion can absorb and scatter sunlight, influencing the Earth's energy balance. This can cause regional and global climate patterns to shift.
• Black Carbon: A component of particulate matter, black carbon, is a powerful climate forcer. It can settle on snow and ice, decreasing reflectivity and hastening melting.

Mitigation Strategies:

• Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions is an important step toward improving air quality. This goal can be achieved by transitioning to clean energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable mobility
• Promoting Renewable Energy: Expanding the use of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, reduces the demand for fossil fuel combustion, which is a significant source of both greenhouse gases and air pollutants
• Sustainable Transportation: Encouraging the usage of electric vehicles and transportation systems can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as air pollution.
• Forest Management: Effective forest management methods and fire prevention strategies can help reduce the frequency and intensity of wildfires, therefore improving air quality.

Challenges and Considerations:

• Economic Interests: The move to cleaner technologies and industries may meet criticism due to economic interests related to present practices.
• Equity: Sensitive people frequently face the weight of both climate change and poor air quality, emphasizing the significance of fair solutions. correct this sentence 
• Global Cooperation: Addressing these interconnected issues requires international coordination and agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aimed at reducing global-scale climate change
 

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Climate Resilient Infrastructure

Introduction:
Climate change isn't a distant problem anymore; it's a pressing issue impacting economies, environments, and communities worldwide. One crucial solution to tackle this challenge is climate-resilient infrastructure. 

The Climate Challenge:

Climate change leads to various problems, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and shifting weather patterns. As these issues become more severe, the importance of infrastructure that can withstand and adapt to these changes becomes growing evidence.

Defining Climate-Resilient Infrastructure:

Climate-resilient infrastructure means building things like roads, buildings, and systems that can handle big changes in weather. It's about making sure they stay strong and safe, even when there are storms, floods, or other extreme weather. This kind of infrastructure helps protect us from the impacts of climate change and makes our communities stronger and better prepared for the future.

The Role of Climate-Resilient Infrastructure:
• Mitigating Climate Risks:

Flood Control: Flood control is all about stopping floods or reducing their damage. It involves making plans and building things like dams, levees, and drainage systems to manage water during heavy rains or storms. By doing this, we aim to protect homes, cities, and farmlands from getting flooded, keeping people safe and preventing damage to buildings and important places. Flood control helps communities stay safer and more secure when heavy rains or storms hit.
Heat-Resilient Urban Planning: The goal of Heat-resilient urban planning is to making cities ready for hot weather. It means creating green spaces like parks and planting trees to keep cities cooler. Also, using materials that don't trap too much heat in buildings and planning for enough shade can help. When cities are prepared for extreme heat, it keeps people safer and more comfortable during hot days, reducing the risk of heat-related problems and making cities more enjoyable places to live.

• Adapting to Changing Conditions:

Transportation Systems: Transportation systems need to adjust to different situations. This includes having flexible plans for roads and bridges that can handle various weather conditions and using smart technology to manage traffic effectively.
Resilient Building Design: Resilient building design is making structures that can handle different situations. It's about creating strong buildings that can withstand things like storms and floods. These buildings are smartly designed to keep people safe and secure.

• Sustainability and Environmental Protection:

Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Renewable energy infrastructure is all about using clean and natural sources like the sun or wind to create power. It's about building things like solar panels and wind turbines to make electricity without harming the environment. This helps keep our planet healthy by reducing pollution and using energy sources that won't run out.
Eco-friendly Infrastructure: Eco-friendly infrastructure focuses on building things in a way that's good for the environment. It involves using materials and methods that don't harm nature. This helps keep our surroundings healthy, reduces pollution, and ensures that our infrastructure choices are kind to the planet.

Challenges and Opportunities:

• Cost and Investment: Building climate-resilient infrastructure can cost a lot of money, but it's also a chance to invest in a safer future. While the initial expenses might be high, it's an opportunity to save money in the long run by avoiding damages from extreme weather. Finding ways to invest wisely in resilient infrastructure can lead to safer communities and better preparedness for the impacts of climate change.
• Policy and Regulation: Policy and regulation play a big part in making sure we build resilient infrastructure. They set rules and guidelines for how buildings and systems should be made to handle things like storms and heat. By having good policies and rules, we can make sure that our infrastructure is strong and safe for the future, keeping everyone better protected from the changing climate.
• Global Collaboration: Facing the challenges of climate-resilient infrastructure is a team effort worldwide. Global collaboration means countries working together to share knowledge, resources, and solutions. By joining forces, we can find better ways to build strong and adaptable infrastructure that benefits everyone. This collaboration presents an opportunity for a united front against the impacts of climate change, fostering a safer and more resilient world for all.
 

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